From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Cream | |
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| Background information | |
| Origin | London, England |
| Genres | Psychedelic rock, blues rock, jazz-rock, acid rock |
| Years active | 1966–1968 (reunions: 1993, 2005) |
| Labels | Reaction, Polydor, Atco, RSO, Reprise |
| Associated acts | Powerhouse, The Graham Bond Organisation, John Mayall's Bluesbreakers, Blind Faith, Bruce-Baker-Moore |
| Past members | Jack Bruce Ginger Baker Eric Clapton |
Cream were a 1960s British rock supergroup power trio consisting of bassist/singer Jack Bruce, drummer Ginger Baker, and guitarist/singer Eric Clapton. Their sound was characterised by a hybrid of blues rock, hard rock and psychedelic rock,[1] combining psychedelia-themed lyrics, Eric Clapton's blues guitar playing and vocals, Jack Bruce's voice and prominent bass playing and Ginger Baker's jazz-influenced drumming. The group's third album, Wheels of Fire, was the world's first platinum-selling double album.[2][3] Cream was widely regarded as being the world's first successful supergroup.[4][5][6][7] In their career, they sold over 15 million albums worldwide.[8] Cream's music included songs based on traditional blues such as "Crossroads" and "Spoonful", and modern blues such as "Born Under a Bad Sign", as well as more eccentric songs such as "Strange Brew", "Tales of Brave Ulysses" and "Toad".
Cream's biggest hits were "I Feel Free" (UK, number 11),[3] "Sunshine of Your Love" (US, number 5),[9] "White Room" (US, number 6),[9] "Crossroads" (US, number 28),[9] and "Badge" (UK, number 18).[10] Cream made a significant impact on the popular music of the time, and, along with Jimi Hendrix, and Terry Kath of Chicago, popularised the use of the wah-wah pedal.
They provided a heavy yet technically proficient musical theme that
foreshadowed and influenced the emergence of British bands such as Led Zeppelin, The Jeff Beck Group and Black Sabbath in the late 1960s and the early 1970s. The band's live performances influenced progressive rock acts such as Rush.[11] Cream were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993.[12] They were included in both Rolling Stone and VH1's lists of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time," at number 67 and 61 respectively.[13][14] They were also ranked number 16 on VH1's "100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock".[15]
Formation: 1966
By July 1966, Eric Clapton's career with The Yardbirds and John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers had earned him a reputation as the premier blues guitarist in Britain.[1]
Clapton, however, found the environment of Mayall's band confining, and
sought to expand his playing in a new band. In 1966, Clapton met Ginger Baker, then the leader of the Graham Bond Organisation, which at one point featured Jack Bruce on bass guitar, harmonica and piano. Baker felt stifled in the Graham Bond Organisation and had grown tired of Graham Bond's
drug addictions and bouts of mental instability. "I had always liked
Ginger", explained Clapton. "Ginger had come to see me play with the
Bluesbreakers. After the gig he drove me back to London in his Rover. I
was very impressed with his car and driving. He was telling me that he
wanted to start a band, and I had been thinking about it too."[16]
Each was impressed with the other's playing abilities, prompting
Baker to ask Clapton to join his new, then-unnamed group. Clapton
immediately agreed, on the condition that Baker hire Bruce as the
group's bassist;[3] according to Clapton, Baker was so surprised at the suggestion that he almost crashed the car.[17] Clapton had met Bruce when the bassist/vocalist briefly played with the Bluesbreakers in November 1965;[3][18] the two also had worked together as part of a one-shot band called Powerhouse (which also included Steve Winwood and Paul Jones). Impressed with Bruce's vocals and technical prowess, Clapton wanted to work with him on an ongoing basis.
In contrast, while Bruce was in Bond's band, he and Baker had been notorious for their quarrelling.[19] Their volatile relationship included on-stage fights and the sabotage of one another's instruments.[19]
After Baker fired Bruce from the band, Bruce continued to arrive for
gigs; ultimately, Bruce was driven away from the band after Baker
threatened him at knifepoint.[20]
Baker and Bruce put aside their differences for the good of Baker's
new trio, which he envisioned as collaborative, with each of the members
contributing to music and lyrics. The band was named "Cream", as
Clapton, Bruce, and Baker were already considered the "cream of the
crop" amongst blues and jazz musicians in the exploding British music scene.
Initially, the group were referred to and billed as "The Cream" (i.e.
with the definite article), but starting officially with its first
record releases, the trio would be plain "Cream".[21] Before deciding upon "Cream", the band considered calling themselves "Sweet 'n' Sour Rock 'n' Roll".[2] Of the trio, Clapton had the biggest reputation in England; however, he was all but unknown in the United States, having left The Yardbirds before "For Your Love" hit the American Top Ten.[1]
Cream made its unofficial debut at the Twisted Wheel on 29 July 1966.[3][22] Its official debut came two nights later at the Sixth Annual Windsor Jazz & Blues Festival.[3][22]
Being new and with few original songs to its credit, Cream performed
blues reworkings that thrilled the large crowd and earned it a warm
reception. In October the band also got a chance to jam with Jimi Hendrix, who had recently arrived in London. Hendrix was a fan of Clapton's music, and wanted a chance to play with him onstage.[3] Hendrix was introduced to Cream through Chas Chandler, Hendrix's manager.[3]
It was during the early organisation that they decided Bruce would
serve as the group's lead vocalist. While Clapton was shy about singing,[23] he occasionally harmonised with Bruce and, in time, took lead vocals on several Cream tracks including "Four Until Late",[24] "Strange Brew",[25] "World of Pain",[25] "Outside Woman Blues",[25] "Anyone for Tennis",[26] "Crossroads",[27] and "Badge".[28]
Fresh Cream: 1966
Cream's debut album, Fresh Cream, was recorded and released in 1966. The album reached number 6 in the UK charts and number 39 in the United States.[29] It was evenly split between self-penned originals and blues covers, including "Four Until Late", "Rollin' and Tumblin'", "Spoonful", "I'm So Glad"[7] and "Cat's Squirrel". The rest of the songs were written by either Jack Bruce or Ginger Baker. ("I Feel Free", a UK hit single,[3] was included on only the American edition of the LP.) The track "Toad" contained one of the earliest examples of a drum solo in rock music as Ginger Baker expanded upon his early composition "Camels and Elephants", written in 1965 with the Graham Bond Organisation. The early Cream bootlegs
display a much tighter band showcasing more songs. All of the songs are
reasonably short five-minute versions of "N.S.U.", "Sweet Wine" and
"Toad". But a mere two months later, the setlist shortened, with the
songs then much longer.
Disraeli Gears: 1967
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Cream first visited the United States in March 1967 to play nine dates at the RKO Theater in New York. There was little impact, as impresario Murray the K
placed them at the bottom of a six-act bill that performed five times
per date, eventually reducing Cream to one song per concert.[30] They returned to record Disraeli Gears in New York between 11 May and 15 May 1967.[31] Cream's second album was released in November 1967 and reached the Top 5 in the charts on both sides of the Atlantic.[32] Produced by Felix Pappalardi (who later co-founded the Cream-influenced quartet Mountain) and engineer Tom Dowd, it was recorded at Atlantic Studios in New York. Disraeli Gears is often considered to be the band's defining effort, successfully blending psychedelic British rock with American blues. Disraeli Gears not only features hits "Strange Brew" and "Tales of Brave Ulysses", but also "Sunshine of Your Love".[7]
The album was originally slated for release in the summer of 1967,
but the record label opted to scrap the planned cover and repackage it
with a new psychedelic cover, designed by artist Martin Sharp, and the resulting changes delayed its release for several months. The album was remarkable for the time, with a psychedelic design patterned over a publicity photo of the trio.
Although the album is considered one of Cream's finest efforts, it
has never been well represented in Cream's live sets. Although they
consistently played "Tales of Brave Ulysses" and "Sunshine of Your Love", several songs from Disraeli Gears were quickly dropped from performances in mid-1967, favouring longer jams instead of short pop songs. "We're Going Wrong" was the only additional song from the album the group performed live. In fact, at their 2005 reunion shows in London, Cream played only three songs from Disraeli Gears: "Outside Woman Blues", "We're Going Wrong," and "Sunshine of Your Love." ("Tales of Brave Ulysses" was included in the band's 2005 New York performances, however.)
In August 1967, Cream played their first headlining dates in America, playing first at the Fillmore West in San Francisco and later at The Pinnacle in Los Angeles. The concerts were a great success and proved very influential on both the band itself and the flourishing hippie
scene surrounding them. Upon discovering a growing listening audience,
the band began to stretch out on stage, incorporating more time in their
repertoire, some songs reaching jams of twenty minutes. Long drawn-out
jams in numbers like "Spoonful", "N.S.U.", "I'm So Glad",
and "Sweet Wine" became live favourites, while songs like "Sunshine of
Your Love", "Crossroads", and "Tales of Brave Ulysses" remained
reasonably short.
Wheels of Fire: 1968
In 1968 came Cream's third release, Wheels of Fire,
which topped the American charts. Still a relative novelty, the "double
album" of two LP discs was well suited to extended solos. Wheels of Fire studio recordings showcased Cream moving slightly away from the blues and more towards a semi-progressive rock style highlighted by odd time signatures and various orchestral instruments. However, the band did record Howlin' Wolf's "Sitting on Top of the World" and Albert King's "Born Under A Bad Sign". According to a BBC interview with Clapton, the record company, also handling Albert King, asked the band to cover "Born Under a Bad Sign", which became a popular track off the record. The opening song, "White Room", became a radio staple. Another song, "Politician", was written by the band while waiting to perform live at the BBC.[16]
The album's second disc featured three live recordings from the
Winterland Ballroom and one from the Fillmore. Eric Clapton's second
solo from "Crossroads" has made it to the top 20 in multiple "greatest guitar solo" lists.[33][34]
After the completion of Wheels of Fire in mid-1968, the band members had had enough and wanted to go their separate ways. Baker stated in a 2006 interview with Music Mart
magazine, "It just got to the point where Eric said to me: 'I've had
enough of this,' and I said so have I. I couldn't stand it. The last
year with Cream was just agony. It damaged my hearing permanently, and
today I've still got a hearing problem because of the sheer volume
throughout the last year of Cream. But it didn't start off like that. In
1966, it was great. It was really a wonderful experience musically, and
it just went into the realms of stupidity." Bruce and Baker's
combustible relationship proved even worse as a result of the strain put
upon the band by non-stop touring, forcing Clapton to play the
perpetual role of peacekeeper.
Clapton had also fallen under the spell of Bob Dylan's former backing group, now known as The Band, and their debut album, Music from Big Pink,[3]
which proved to be a welcome breath of fresh air in comparison to the
incense and psychedelia that had formed Cream. Furthermore, he had read a
scathing Cream review in Rolling Stone, a publication he had much admired, in which the reviewer, Jon Landau, called him a "master of the blues cliché."[3] In the wake of that article, Clapton wanted to end Cream and pursue a different musical direction.
At the beginning of their farewell tour on 4 October 1968, in Oakland, nearly the entire set consisted of songs from Wheels of Fire:
"White Room", "Politician", "Crossroads", "Spoonful", "Deserted Cities
of the Heart", and "Passing the Time" taking the place of "Toad" for a
drum solo. "Passing the Time" and "Deserted Cities" were quickly removed
from the setlist and replaced by "Sitting on Top of the World" and
"Toad".
Goodbye: 1968–1969
Cream were eventually persuaded to do one final album. That album, the appropriately titled Goodbye,
was recorded in late 1968 and released in early 1969, after the band
had broken up. It featured six songs: three live recordings dating from a
concert at The Forum in Los Angeles, California, on 19 October, and three new studio recordings (including "Badge", which was written by Clapton and George Harrison, who also played rhythm guitar as "L'Angelo Misterioso"). "I'm So Glad" was included among the live tracks.
Cream's "farewell tour" consisted of 22 shows at 19 venues in the
United States between 4 October and 4 November 1968, and two final
farewell concerts at the Royal Albert Hall
on 26 November 1968. Initially another double album was planned,
comprising live material from this tour plus new studio tracks, but a
single album, Goodbye was released instead with three live tracks taken from their performance at The Forum
in Los Angeles on 19 October 1968, and three studio tracks, one written
by each of the band members. The final U.S. gig was at the Rhode Island Auditorium,
4 November 1968. The band arrived late and, due to local restrictions,
they were able to perform only two songs, "Toad" and a 20+ minute
version of "Spoonful". Bootlegs of inferior quality exist of the final
US Concert.
The two Royal Albert Hall concerts were filmed for a BBC documentary and released on video (and later DVD) as Farewell Concert.
Both shows were sold out and attracted more attention than any other
Cream concert, but their performance was regarded by many as below
standard. Baker himself said of the concerts: "It wasn't a good gig ...
Cream was better than that ... We knew it was all over. We knew we were
just finishing it off, getting it over with." In an interview from Cream: Classic Artists, he added that the band was getting worse by the minute.[35]
Cream's supporting acts were Taste (featuring a young Rory Gallagher) and the newly formed Yes, who received good reviews. Three performances early in Cream's farewell tour were opened by Deep Purple.
Deep Purple had originally agreed to open the entire U.S. leg of the
tour, but Cream's management removed them after only three shows, in
spite of favourable reviews and good rapport between the bands.[36]
Breakup: 1968
From its creation, Cream was faced with some fundamental problems
that would later lead to its dissolution in November 1968. The rivalry
between Bruce and Baker created tensions in the band. Clapton also felt
that the members of the band did not listen to each other enough.
Equipment during these years had also improved; new Marshall amplifier
stacks produced more power, and Jack Bruce pushed the volume levels
higher, creating tension for Baker who would have trouble competing with
roaring stacks. Clapton spoke of a concert during which he stopped
playing and neither Baker nor Bruce noticed.[19] Clapton has also commented that Cream's later gigs mainly consisted of its members showing off.[37]
Cream decided that they would break up in May 1968 during a tour of the US.[38]
Later, in July, an official announcement was made that the band would
break up after a farewell tour of the United States and after playing
two concerts in London. Cream finished their tour of the United States
with a 4 November concert in Rhode Island
and performed in the UK for the last time in London on 25 and 26
November. Bruce had three Marshall stacks on stage for the farewell
shows but one acted only as a spare, and he only used one or two,
depending on the song.[38]
Post-Cream
Blind Faith
was formed immediately after the demise of Cream, following an attempt
by Clapton to recruit Steve Winwood into Cream in the hope that he would
help act as a buffer between Bruce and Baker. Inspired by more
song-based acts Clapton went on to perform much different, less
improvisational material with Delaney & Bonnie, Derek and the Dominos and in his own long and varied solo career.
Bruce began a varied and successful solo career with the 1969 release of Songs for a Tailor, while Baker formed a jazz-fusion ensemble out of the ashes of Blind Faith called Ginger Baker's Air Force, which featured Winwood, Blind Faith bassist Rick Grech, Graham Bond on sax, and guitarist Denny Laine of the Moody Blues and (later) Wings.
All three members continued to explore new musical ideas and
partnerships, play concerts and record music for over four decades after
ending Cream.
Reunions
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
In 1993, Cream were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and reformed to perform at the induction ceremony.[39] Initially, the trio were wary about performing, until encouraging words from Robbie Robertson inspired them to try.[citation needed]
The set consisted of "Sunshine of Your Love", "Crossroads", and "Born
Under a Bad Sign", a song they had not previously played live.[citation needed]
Clapton mentioned in his acceptance speech that their rehearsal the day
before the ceremony had marked the first time they had played together
in 25 years.[3] This performance spurred rumours of a reunion tour.[citation needed] Bruce and Baker said in later interviews that they were, indeed, interested in touring as Cream.[citation needed]
A formal reunion did not take place immediately, as Clapton, Bruce and
Baker continued to pursue solo projects, although the latter two worked
together again in the mid-1990s as two-thirds of a power trio BBM with Irish blues-rock guitarist Gary Moore.
2005 Royal Albert Hall and Madison Square Garden concerts
Cream reunited for a series of four shows, on 2, 3, 5, and 6 May 2005
at the Royal Albert Hall in London, the venue of their final concerts
in 1968, at Clapton's request.[40]
Although the three musicians chose not to speak publicly about the
shows, Clapton would later state that he had become more "generous" in
regard to his past, and that the physical health of Bruce and Baker was a
major factor:[40] Bruce had recently undergone a liver transplant for liver cancer, and had almost lost his life, while Baker had severe arthritis.
Tickets for all four shows sold out in under an hour. The
performances were recorded for a live CD and DVD. Among those in
attendance were Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr, Steve Winwood, Roger Waters, Brian May, Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin and also Mick Taylor and Bill Wyman.[citation needed] The reunion marked the first time the band had played "Badge" and "Pressed Rat and Warthog" live.[40]
The Royal Albert Hall reunion proved a success on both a personal and
financial level, inspiring the reformed band to bring their reunion to
the United States. Cream chose to play at only one venue, Madison Square Garden in New York City, from 24–26 October 2005.
2006–present
In February 2006, Cream received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in recognition of their contribution to, and influence upon, modern music.[41][42] That same month, a "Classic Albums" DVD was released detailing the story behind the creation and recording of Disraeli Gears.
On the day prior to the Grammy ceremony, Bruce made a public statement
that more one-off performances of Cream had been planned: multiple dates
in a few cities, similar to the Royal Albert Hall and Madison Square
Garden shows.
However, this story was refuted by both Clapton and Baker, first by Clapton in a Times
article from April 2006. The article stated that when asked about
Cream, Clapton said: "No. Not for me. We did it and it was fun. But life
is too short. I've got lots of other things I would rather do,
including staying at home with my kids. The thing about that band was
that it was all to do with its limits ... it was an experiment." In an
interview in the UK magazine Music Mart, about the release of a DVD about the Blind Faith concert in Hyde Park
1969, Baker commented about his unwillingness to continue the Cream
reunion. These comments were far more specific and explosive than
Clapton's, as they were centred around his relationship with Jack Bruce.
Ginger said, "When he's Dr. Jekyll, he's fine ... It's when he's Mr.
Hyde that he's not. And I'm afraid he's still the same. I tell you this –
there won't ever be any more Cream gigs, because he did Mr. Hyde in New
York last year."[43]
When asked to elaborate, Baker replied: "Oh, he shouted at me on
stage, he turned his bass up so loud that he deafened me on the first
gig. What he does is that he apologises and apologises, but I'm afraid,
to do it on a Cream reunion gig, that was the end. He killed the magic,
and New York was like 1968 ... It was just a get through the gig, get
the money sort of deal. I was absolutely amazed. I mean, he demonstrated
why he got the sack from Graham Bond and why Cream didn't last very
long on stage in New York. I didn't want to do it in the first place
simply because of how Jack was. I have worked with him several times
since Cream, and I promised myself that I would never work with him
again. When Eric first came up with the idea, I said no, and then he
phoned me up and eventually convinced me to do it. I was on my best
behaviour and I did everything I could to make things go as smooth as
possible, and I was really pleasant to Jack."[43] Ginger Baker and Jack Bruce would reunite on stage in London when Baker was awarded a lifetime achievement award by Zildjian.
Jack Bruce told Detroit's WCSX
radio station in May 2007 that there were plans for a Cream reunion
later in the year. It was later revealed that the potential performance
was to be November 2007 London as a tribute to Ahmet Ertegün. The band decided against it and this was confirmed by Bruce in a letter to the editor of the Jack Bruce fanzine, The Cuicoland Express, dated 26 September 2007:
- "Dear Marc,
- We were going to do this tribute concert for Ahmet when it was to be at the Royal Albert Hall but decided to pass when it was moved to the O2 Arena and seemed to be becoming overly commercial."
The headlining act for the O2 Arena Ertegun tribute show (postponed
to December 2007) turned out to be another reunited English hard-rock
act, Led Zeppelin.
In an interview with BBC 6 Music in April 2010, Bruce confirmed that
there would be no more Cream shows. He said: "Cream is over."[44]
Discography
Main article: Cream discography
- Fresh Cream (1966)
- Disraeli Gears (1967)
- Wheels of Fire (1968)
- Goodbye (1969)
References
- Unterberger, Richie. "Cream: Biography". Allmusic. Retrieved 30 June 2008.
- "Cream – the Band". BBC. 20 September 2000. Retrieved 30 June 2008.
- Cream: Classic Artists (DVD). Image Entertainment. 2007.
- "The world's 18 biggest supergroups". Musicradar.com. 15 April 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
- "Supergroup Cream rises again". CNN.com. 20 December 1999. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
- Whereseric.com[dead link]
- Gilliland, John (1969). "Show 53 – String Man. : UNT Digital Library" (audio). Pop Chronicles. Digital.library.unt.edu.
- "Time, Cream article". Time.com. 9 March 2009. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
- "Cream: Biography: Rolling Stone". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 8 July 2008.
- "Badge" search results. http://www.everyhit.com. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
- "allmusic (((Rush > Overview)))". Allmusic. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
- "Cream: inducted in 1993". The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved 25 April 2012
- "The Greatest Artists of All Time". VH1/Stereogum. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- Waters, Roger. "Cream: 100 Greatest Artists of All Time". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 25 April 2012
- "VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock (20–1)". VH1. 2000. Retrieved 26 June 2008.
- McDermott, John (November 1997). "Strange Brew". Guitar World magazine.
- Clapton, Eric (2007). Clapton: The Autobiography. New York, United States: Broadway Books. pp. g. 74. ISBN 978-0-385-51851-2.
- Hjort, Christopher (2007). Strange Brew: Eric Clapton & the British Blues Boom, 1965–1970. London, UK: Jawbone Press. pp. g. 29. ISBN 978-1-906002-00-8.
- White, Dave. "Cream". about.com. Retrieved 27 June 2008.
- Tobler, John and Frame, Pete: Jack Bruce interview, Zigzag # 22, autumn 1971
- Hjort, Christopher (2007). Strange Brew: Eric Clapton & the British Blues Boom, 1965–1970. London, UK: Jawbone Press. pp. g. 54. ISBN 978-1-906002-00-8.
- Clapton, Eric (2007). Clapton: The Autobiography. United States: Broadway Books. pp. g. 77. ISBN 978-0-385-51851-2.
- Ertegün, Ahmet (2006). Classic Albums: Cream – Disraeli Gears (DVD). Eagle Rock Entertainment.
- Cream (1966). Fresh Cream
- Cream (1967). Disraeli Gears
- Cream (1968).
- Cream (1968). Wheels of Fire
- Cream (1969). Goodbye (1969)
- Pattingale, Graeme (17 January 1999). "Fresh Cream". Retrieved 30 June 2008.
- Alan Bershaw (?12 November 2013). "liner notes, Mar 10, 1968-EarlyShow". Wolfgang's Vault at ConcertVault.com. Retrieved 12 November 2013.
- GP Flashback : Cream, June 1967 – Guitar Player Article – June 1967
- Pattingale, Graeme (19 November 1998). "Disraeli Gears". Retrieved 30 June 2008.
- "The 25 Coolest Guitar Solos". Rolling Stone. 6 August 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
- "The 100 Greatest Guitar Solos". Guitar World Magazine. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
- Pattingale, Graeme (2002). "A Guide to the Bootlegs". Retrieved 30 June 2008.
- Smoke on the Water: The Deep Purple ... – Google Books. Books.google.com. 2004. ISBN 978-1-55022-618-8. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
- Clapton, Eric (8 October 2007). "Eric Clapton Chronicles Music, Addiction and Romance in New Book". Clapton: The Autobiography. spinner.com. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
- Welch, Chris (4 August 2005). "The Farewell". Retrieved 28 June 2008.
- "Cream". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 26 June 2008.
- Bruce, Jack; Baker, Ginger; Clapton, Eric (2005). "Interview", Royal Albert Hall London May 2-3-5-6, 2005 special feature (DVD). Rhino Entertainment.
- Cream: Biography. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 25 April 2012
- Grammys To Salute Bowie, Cream, Haggard, Pryor. Billboard. Retrieved 25 April 2012
- "Ginger Baker Interview". Slowhand. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
- "6Music News - Jack Bruce's Cream". BBC. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
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